Monday, October 21, 2013

The Celluloid Accountant

This post is a follow-up to Michael’s post about accountants not being bookkeepers, addressing the pop-culture persona of an accountant.

Michael posted some pictures with his blog to complement his description of how accountants are portrayed in pop culture.  I understand that this celluloid persona of an accountant can be a bit misleading; however, there is proper justification for Hollywood (et al) stereotyping accountants in such a manner.

When I have asked students who are majoring in accounting, or are perhaps interested in doing so, why accounting, they most commonly answer that have confidence that with that degree they will more easily be able to obtain future employment.  Not too unexpectedly, this is commonly followed up with a type of disclaimer or justification as to why they would be willing to suffer such a boring job.  Essentially they are justifying their choice, to you and themselves, that accounting, albeit a terribly boring job, is acceptable given the probability of employment.  Herein lay the tie that binds accountants together; risk aversion!

I suggest that there is nary a person in accounting that has a high appetite for risk; or at least a high appetite for long-term risk.  When we see Gordon Gekko, we see a man who, like the accountant is not intimated by numbers, and also like the accountant in his willingness to work long hours, but is unlike the accountant because his job inherently has a much higher quotient of risk.  Financial orb reading is high in risk both in a daily fashion and in terms of job security.  Accounting is largely about risk aversion both in its duties and also job security.  Naturally, risk-averse people are largely attracted to risk-averse jobs.  I make the comparison between an investment/finance career and accounting because I believe the people in these careers are most alike, except for their risk appetite. 

Now, in any job, in any group, in any category that a highly valuable sociologist (BTW, that is absolutely sarcasm for those of who have never read anything of mine before) might come up with to help us understand ourselves, or group dynamics, there are ALWAYS going to be exceptions, but accountancy comprises risk averse people on a grand scale because it is such a large part of the job.

As Michael addressed in his blog, there are different paths within accounting that he or she might take.  These paths are typically the ones that are suggested to be more suited for one personality versus another, e.g. external audit professionals spend the vast majority of their time at client sites, therefore, it is expected that the more extroverted accounting student take that path, whereas the more introverted is better suited for the cubicle life of taxes.  (Please note that this is within the realm of public accounting, and not with respect to doing taxes for individuals, i.e. H&R Block, etc.)


This blog is not to discuss which personality belongs where.  No, I am merely suggesting that the pop-culture image of the accountant is not likely to change since the majority of us within the field are risk-averse.  Once within the job, there are some, for whom the soporific lifestyle conflicts with their inner caveman or cavewoman, so, after time, they develop a larger appetite for risk.  However, it is usually the stalwarts, those staying long enough to become partner, I’ll say, who pass on their risk aversion to their children.  And, as I discovered, accounting is frequently populated by 2nd, 3rd, or more generation accountants. 

Saturday, August 17, 2013

Revenue Redundancy?

I had a quiz in my first term as a grad student. Quizzes for the most part were pretty basic, really just a check to make sure the class was doing the reading and coming prepared for class. Well this one sent me for a little bit of a loop because of vernacular. Here is the question I have for you, What is income? Wait, before you answer, What is Revenue? Hold on I'm still going, What is Earnings? One more, What is Profit? Ok go. The problem I stumbled on used earnings and income as synonyms, meaning they mean same thing (for those Busy Season-ers).  Got you there, huh?

Here is the issue, there is really no nomenclature or system of naming (I got your back BS'rs - See what I did there?) for accounting. Absolutely there are hard and fast definitions in regulation for some terms, but that doesn't really apply here. So here is what I was taught and what up until that quiz had served me well.

Monday, August 12, 2013

Becoming a CPA - To Be or Not to Be is the question

"Whether 'tis Nobler in mind to suffer
The Slings and Arrows of outrageous testing
Or to take Arms against the Sea of CPA's
And by opposing them: to die, to sleep"

If you are in your junior or senior year of college, perhaps even earlier, you should be thinking about your career in accounting. Many professors would say you should get your CPA and most have valid reasons, but that is not always necessary. Junior auditors right now are wishing they had worked on their poetry or sculpture a bit more. You recently learned that making specialized receptacles for collecting aquatic specimens can be quite a lucrative career despite the mocking you would have endured while taking Weaving 231 - Underwater Basket Techniques. So should you work towards CPA certification? Some things to consider...

Thursday, August 1, 2013

Breaking Down Financial Statement Items

In one of my first posts I went through the accounting equation
giving a little snippet of each group. Now is the time that auditors in practice should resume resolving review notes or email your senior to ask why they choose a sample size of 7 for the entire population of revenue transactions. *Sampling is something we will work on later.

JARGON! FSA's or Financial Statement Areas/Financial Statement Assertions. Right now it means the different line items on the financial statements of a company. Cash, Inventory, Notes Payable, Common Stock are all FSA's. FSA's are classified as either Assets, Liabilities or Owners Equity (stockholder equity, shareholders equity and owners equity are all the same thing).

Assets: Generally these FSA's represent financial claim to both tangible or intangible items. Tangible being things you can touch and hold like cash and inventory. Intangible assets are things like patents, copyrights and the infamous goodwill which only exist on paper.
You really need to look a little deeper at assets. Somethings can start as assets but become liabilities if problems come up. To be classified as an asset it requires three things: expected to provide future economic benefit, tangible or intangible item that is measurable and is the result of an underlying transaction. In other words an asset needs to give value you need to be able to measure that value and it needs to come from an outside source. This is why things like internally created intellectual property are not considered assets. Without an underlying transaction it is not possible to fairly and accurately measure their real value.

Liabilities: Basically the opposite of assets. They are financial items that represent another entities claim to a companies assets. They are amounts the company will have to pay out in the future. The same three conditions also need to be met, expected future economic payable amount, measurable, and resulting from an underlying transaction. One issue that comes up is when you have to disclose  a liability, for example a lawsuit. At what point do you have to disclose or report an amount that may be payable should you loose a pending lawsuit? One requirement is that the amount be estimable (which is accountant speak for measurable within a range). There is financial value is disclosing a possible loss on a lawsuit if you have no idea what you might have to pay. In that case the amount you might have to pay has not met the conditions of being a liability and is not disclosed on the financial statements, although it may be disclosed in note that accompany the financial statements.

Owners Equity: This is what is left over. If Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity then Assets - Liabilities = Owners Equity. This is how the company has funded their purchases and what they have done with excess earnings or losses. This category encompasses FSA's like Dividends (payments to owners), Retained Earnings/Losses, Common Stock, Additional Paid in Capital (APIC) and several others. Important to remember is that this is the residual equity of the firm. In theory if a company has to close its doors it would use assets to satisfy liabilities and this is what would be left over, because it is hard to get book value for most assets reality is usually much different.

Keep in mind that while there are generally accepted names for most accounts there are very few if any naming requirements. Cash could be called cash and cash equivalents and could have cash and highly liquid financial instruments under either name. Accounts payable could be called trade accounts payable or just payables. In the world of US GAAP and our thousands of rules, people find loop holes or flexibility and sometimes use them just to use them.

Saturday, July 6, 2013

"You must be good at numbers" Nope, Accountants are NOT bookkeepers

When people find out that I have a graduate degree in accounting I hear either "oh you must like numbers" or "can you do my taxes?" Really neither is the case. I will probably never do taxes, in fact my wife and I pay someone else to do our taxes. And numbers? I understand numbers and I can use numbers with skill but I like using them to communicate and I really enjoy being able to help break down the fear barrier many people have with numbers. Those questions really speak more to a misunderstanding of what an accountant is and does. (That is a transition sentence for those paying attention)

Sunday, June 30, 2013

Inventory: Time for a little more... advanced topic

O Inventory, inventory! Wherefore art thou inventory? I couldn't have said it better than that pining lover of by gone days. There are few areas in accounting that allow such divergent views, each of which sustain an ardent troupe of followers.

Pick your side!

"Deny thy LIFO; and refuse your tax advantages"

The GAAP treatment of inventory is really that silly. Here is why.

Sunday, June 23, 2013

The Accounting Equation Know it!

Just make it easy on your self. Get this little gem in your head and leave it there.



Then you might as well remember the other way it is commonly shown,
But really it doesn't take more than a 5th grade math education to see that those are the same. Lets work through why this is basically what double entry accounting is built around.

Monday, June 17, 2013

History of Accounting - The second oldest profession

Oh accounting, where to begin? It is funny to think about but every living creature practices, in some form, accounting. Humans of course keep track of debits and credits. Animals do accounting differently albeit for the same purpose. The Bird of Paradise uses accounting to choose mates and has a corresponding elaborate set of performance criteria before a transaction can be realized.

Ok, thats a little stupid. It's a fun picture though right? (thank you National Geographic) There is definite evidence that very early in human history people had started keeping track of who owed what to whom. Some evidence suggests that this behavior may have started as far back as 76,000 years ago. There is also evidence that people had employment in accounting and bookkeeping in Roman times.

Saturday, June 15, 2013

Double entry accounting AKA Debit and Credit - The epic conclusion

I know, I know, I set you up from the beginning. Here you thought I was talking about beer pong but BAM - Accounting. 

Don't think of Debit as an increase think of it as left. Don't think about Credit as decrease think about it as right. In this situation you would credit A/R for the amount of the payment and debit cash for the same amount.
Dr. Cash          XXXX
          Cr. A/R          XXXX
(for those that want to see the journal entry)-DR. and CR. are common abbreviations for Debit/Credit

Double entry accounting AKA Debit and Credit

This is one of the most basic and most confusing aspects of accounting. When professors present this it is almost always glossed over and tossed aside with no real depth. Really understanding double entry accounting and why debits have to match credits will be a key to success in studying accounting and here's why. Take an moderate/advanced question for example. 

If Ajax company has revenue of $50,000 and achieved a 25% gross profit in 20x2 what was the inventory purchases for the year ending 20x2?
20x1 Ending inventory is $23,000
20x2 Ending inventory is $30,000
Most accountants would look at this problem would be able to do it mentally -this post is not for you. Sit back, watch the most recent episode of The League or Grey's, or work through the 230 review notes your senior just left on FSA's that are due tomorrow.

My introduction

A little about me. Most recently I received a Master of Accounting after earning a Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, both from the W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University. As you can see from the picture, in addition to graduate studies I also juggled being married and having kids. My wife and I have two awesome boys age 4 and 11 months. In fact the only reason I am able to work on this long time ambition of mine is because Mr. 11 months is kinda sleeping.